Military medicine research is vital for protection against weapons of mass destructions' specially threat of chemical and biological warfare and bioterrorism. Great advances in the life sciences, like biotechnology, genetic engineering and molecular biology have created a pressing need for steps that must be taken to reduce this threat to humanity.The biosafety regulations and Code of conduct for scientists may provide a tool nationally adopted by each state party to the BWC convention in implementation of its obligations under the convention and in accordance with its constitutional process and put into force within its territory.The scientists should be encouraged to convene seminars, workshops and prepare research papers to raise the awareness. Training programs and materials on biosafety regulations and, GLP (good laboratory practice) and biomedical ethics should also be improved and inserted in university curricula.Codes of conduct should not leave individuals and scientists with the impression that Codes are designed against them or their scientific activities. Due respect should be extended to the scientific community as members of the society who serve the noble objectives of humanity through the advancement of science. Wider contributions by the scientists in promotion,The promotion of international scientific and technological cooperation and exchange of information according to article X of the BWC regarding results of scientific research constitutes yet another effective assurance for the use of bio sciences to remain peaceful. Codes of conduct should avoid any restrictions on exchange of scientific discoveries in the field of biology for research, development, prevention, diagnosis and treatment or disease and other peaceful purposes.

Military medicine and biodefense research is vital for protection against weapons of mass destructions' specially threat of chemical and biological warfare and bioterrorism. Great advances in the life sciences, like biotechnology, genetic engineering and molecular biology have created a pressing need for steps that must be taken to reduce this threat to humanity.The biosafety regulations and Code of conduct for scientists may provide a tool nationally adopted by each state party to the -BWC convention in implementation of its obligations under the convention and in accordance with its constitutional process and put into force within its territory.The scientists should be encouraged to convene seminars, workshops and prepare research papers to raise the awareness. Training programs and materials on biosafety regulations and, GLP (good laboratory practice) and biomedical ethics should also be improved and inserted in university curricula.Codes of conduct should not leave individuals and scientists with the impression that Codes are designed against them or their scientific activities. Due respect should be extended to the scientific community as members of the society who serve the noble objectives of humanity through the advancement of science. Wider contributions by the scientists in promotion.The promotion of international scientific and technological cooperation and exchange of information according to article X of the BWC regarding results of scientific research constitutes yet another effective assurance for the use of biosciences to remain peaceful.Codes of conduct should avoid any restrictions on exchange of scientific discoveries in the field of biology for research, development, prevention, diagnosis and treatment or disease and other peaceful purposes.

Judgment is a process in which people think and comment on aspects of issues being decided. Wrong decisions are often made of wrong judgments. Auditing is one of professions that uses judgment in decision-making processes. However, halo effects affects the auditor's perception as a decision maker, which reduces power of reasoning and analysis in decision making. In this regard, purpose of present study is to investigate halo effects on judgment of auditors. The research period was 1398 and data needed to answer research question were collected by distributing a questionnaire among community of certified public accountants. Accordingly, data obtained from 186 supplementary questionnaires were analyzed using structural equations and also SmartPLS software as an effective tool used for this aim.Research findings show that halo has an effect on audit judgment and also cods of professional Conducts and personal characteristics play a mediating role in the relationship between halo effect and audit judgment

Introduction: Higher education is expected to nurture more mature, ethical, and professional people in the community. As university professors can play an effective role in institutionalizing desirable ethical behaviors in students, the importance of a model for the professional ethics of university faculty members becomes more prominent. This study aims to design a model of behavioral and ethical Codes of faculty members of Iranian universities. Method: This research is fundamental and Survey-based. In this research, a semistructured interview consisting of 10 questions was designed. The study was implemented in 1400. Using the snowball sampling model, online interview sessions were arranged with university professors all over Iran. The researchers were saturated with 13 interviews, and 3 more interviews were conducted to ensure more. Each interview was analyzed through MAXQDA2020 software and extracted using the grounded theory method with the Glasser and Strauss approach, coding, grouping concepts, and final model of ethical and behavioral Codes. Findings: 9 main categories of the model of behavioral and ethical Codes of university faculty are: authenticity (central phenomenon), learner, determination and purposefulness (causal conditions), problem-solving skills, effective communication skills, Team Building Skills (strategies), scientific competence (mediating conditions), adherence to rules and normability (context) and learning leader (outcome). Conclusion: The difference between this research and other previous studies is the attention to authenticity that is shown in the model as the main concept. Also in the designed model, the concept of a learning leader is considered as the main role of university faculty members.

The first and the most dominant function of the law is to regulate the conduct and private behavior in social life through legal commands. The choice at the rulemaking stage to frame a law command either as a rule (ex ante, limited-factor liability determinants) or as a standard (ex post, multi-factor liability determinants) does have implications for the efficient enforcement of law, given that rule-like and standard-like commands imply different sets of costs and benefits for the enforcement authority. Uniform rules limit arbitrary or partisan actions by election supervisors, canvassing boards, courts, and other decision-makers. At the same time, mechanical rules ignore important factors and can lead to the suppression of fundamental political rights. More flexible standards give decision-makers the discretion to protect political participation in particular contexts, but this discretion may also allow a decision-maker’s biases to enter the political process. The idea of a pure dualism between rules and standards is too simplistic; rather a continuum of intermediate commands exists. Therefore, there should be the possibility to detect an optimal degree of differentiation of law between the two extremes of rules and standards based on the general aims and function of the law and practical preferences. The paper investigates whether it is possible to assess such optimum and what are the determinants of it. At last, the paper concludes that it is impossible to prefer rule on standards or vice versa rather there would be a need for case by case evaluation to explore which rules or standards are likely to be preferable.

In line with the passage of time and advancement of science and technology, there have been changes in individuals’ social relations in different societies which are easily observable. Changes in ideals and wishes, needs and expectations of individuals have influenced on social institutions and were also influenced by the transformation of these institutions. Family, too, as the basic institution in any society, is not an exception and is transforming. Unquestionably, changes in role and status of family will be observable in the society and its functions. One of the most significant of these changes in the recent decades was in marriage. This paper is to study the social changes in marriage in Iran and the role and function of government and the related institutions.